Biotechnology
Lesson 8.3: True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
T 1. Two common biotechnology techniques are gene cloning and genetic engineering.
F 2. Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a chromosome.
T 3. Biotechnology has raised ethical questions.
F 4. When genes are cloned, DNA polymerase is used to join two pieces of DNA together.
T 5. Recombinant DNA is made from joining DNA from different sources.
T 6. Insulin was the first human protein to be produced by gene cloning.
T 7. The purpose of biotechnology is to create organisms that are useful to humans.
T 8. The polymerase chain reaction makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.
F 9. Gene cloning involves three steps: isolation, transformation, and selection.
T 10. The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and elongation.
11. The enzyme Taq Polymerase can work at high temperatures.
T 12. Transgenic crops have been created that make some food taste better.
F 13. Denaturing DNA occurs at room temperature.
T 14. Medicine and agriculture are two major fields that use biotechnology.
Lesson 8.3: Critical Reading
Read these passages from the text and answer the questions that follow.
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene. This is useful for many purposes. For example, gene cloning might be used to isolate and make copies of a normal gene for gene therapy. Gene cloning involves four steps: isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection.
- In isolation, an enzyme is used to break DNA at a specific base sequence. This is done to isolate a gene.
- During ligation, the enzyme DNA ligase combines the isolated gene with plasmid DNA from bacteria. (Plasmid DNA is circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome and can replicate independently.) The DNA that results is called recombinant DNA.
- In transformation, the recombinant DNA is inserted into a living cell, usually a bacterial cell. Changing an organism in this way is also called genetic engineering.
- Selection involves growing transformed bacteria to make sure they have the recombinant DNA. This is a necessary step because transformation is not always successful. Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing. PCR involves three steps: denaturing, annealing, and extension. They are repeated many times in a cycle to make large quantities of the gene.
- Denaturing involves heating DNA to break the bonds holding together the two DNA strands. This yields two single strands of DNA.
- Annealing involves cooling the single strands of DNA and mixing them with short DNA segments called primers. Primers have base sequences that are complementary to segments of the single DNA strands. As a result, bonds form between the DNA strands and primers.
- Extension occurs when an enzyme (Taq polymerase or Taq DNA polymerase) adds nucleotides to the primers. This produces new DNA molecules, each incorporating one of the original DNA strands.
Questions
1. What is gene cloning? Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene.
2. What is PCR? Why is PCR done? The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing.
3. What are the three steps of PCR?
- Denaturing involves heating DNA to break the bonds holding together the two DNA strands. This yields two single strands of DNA.
- Annealing involves cooling the single strands of DNA and mixing them with short DNA segments called primers. Primers have base sequences that are complementary to segments of the single DNA strands. As a result, bonds form between the DNA strands and primers.
- Extension occurs when an enzyme (Taq polymerase or Taq DNA polymerase) adds nucleotides to the primers. This produces new DNA molecules, each incorporating one of the original DNA strands.
4. What are the four steps of gene cloning?
- In isolation, an enzyme is used to break DNA at a specific base sequence. This is done to isolate a gene.
- During ligation, the enzyme DNA ligase combines the isolated gene with plasmid DNA from bacteria. (Plasmid DNA is circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome and can replicate independently.) The DNA that results is called recombinant DNA.
- In transformation, the recombinant DNA is inserted into a living cell, usually a bacterial cell. Changing an organism in this way is also called genetic engineering.
- Selection involves growing transformed bacteria to make sure they have the recombinant DNA. This is a necessary step because transformation is not always successful. Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use.
5. What is recombinant DNA
- During ligation, the enzyme DNA ligase combines the isolated gene with plasmid DNA from bacteria. The DNA that results is called recombinant DNA.
6. Why is it important to select for transformed bacteria? Transformation is not always successful.
Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use.
Lesson 8.3: Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
- Recombinant DNA
- results from the ligation of an isolated gene and plasmid DNA.
- is inserted into a living cell in the transformation process.
- is screened for in the selection process.
- all of the above
- The steps of gene cloning are, in order,
- isolation, transformation, ligation, and selection.
- isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection.
- ligation, transformation, isolation, and selection.
- selection, transformation, ligation, and isolation.
- The steps of PCR are, in order,
- denaturing, annealing, and extension.
- denaturing, extension, and annealing.
- annealing, extension, and denaturation.
- extension, annealing, and denaturation.
- Transgenic crops have been created that
- yield more food.
- resist insect pests.
- survive drought.
- all of the above
- Ethical, legal, and social issues associated with biotechnology would include questions about
- the safety of genetically modified crops.
- the use of biotechnology in modifying a baby's genotype.
- the ownership of genetically modified organisms.
- all of the above
- PCR allows scientists to
- rapidly make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.
- clone a recombinant DNA in bacteria.
- ligate together two pieces of DNA from different sources.
- all of the above.
- The first human protein produced using biotechnology was
- cytokine.
- insulin.
- DNA ligase.
- Taq polymerase.
- Biotechnology methods are used in which of the following? (1) medicine, (2) agriculture, (3) law enforcement.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 2
- 1, 2, and 3
Definitions
__B___ 1. enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA
__E___ 2. first human protein to be produced by genetic engineering
__G___ 3. process that makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment
__C___ 4. the process of isolating and making copies of a gene
__I___ 5. the process of placing recombinant DNA into a living cell
__F___ 6. circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome
__J___ 7. genetically modified plants
__D___ 8. changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA
__A___ 9. the use of technology to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes
_H____ 10. made by joining DNA from two different sources
Terms
a. biotechnology
b. DNA ligase
c. gene cloning
d. genetic engineering
e. insulin
f. plasmid
g. polymerase chain reaction
h. recombinant DNA
i. transformation
j. transgenic crop
Lesson 8.3: Vocabulary II
Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.
1. Transgenic crops are genetically modified with new genes that code for traits useful to humans.
2. The PCR makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.
3. DNA ligation can join together an isolated gene and plasmid DNA.
4. Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene.
5. Gene cloning involves four steps: isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection.
6. Plasmid DNA is circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome.
7. Changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA is known as genetic engineering..
8. The use of biotechnology has raised a number of ethical, legal, and social issues.
9. The first step of the PCR process is denaturing
10. Recombinant DNA is made by combining DNA from two different sources.
11. Biotechnology can be used to transform bacteria so they are able to make human cells.
12. Biotechnology is the use of genetic engineering to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes.
Lesson 8.3: Critical Writing
Name Ka-leah Mucthison Class Biology Date
Thoroughly answer the question below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and clear and complete sentences.
Describe PCR. Discuss the necessary steps and potential applications in detail.
- See more at: http://www.ck12.org/workbook/Biology-Workbook/r1/section/8.3/Human-Genetics-and-Biotechnology-Worksheets-%253A%253Aof%253A%253A-Biology-Workbook/#sthash.KlBorQRH.dpuf